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Russia is assumed to have limitless manpower.

In reality, its working age male population is eroded: low birthrates, high mortality, mass emigration and catastrophic battlefield losses
over 1.3 million since 2022.

To fill the gap: 27,000 foreign recruits from 130 countries.

Hundreds of vessels have become part of an illegal maritime ecosystem, called Russian Shadow Fleet, designed to reduce the impact of sanctions on Russian energy exports.

By using aging tankers and opaque ownership structures, Moscow is sustaining oil exports while increasing